Category: 2022 Africa

We were up very early, 3am, and left the camp by 4am, in order to get to the airport by 7:35.  Of course it was dark when we left, but it was surprising how many people were out. There were a lot of people on the road, maybe going to the sisal plantation or to market.  The sisal plantation is so big that we drove through it for the first hour.  As we were driving we passed through from the spiny forest, through a transitional forest and into the edge of the rain forest.  Madagascar has a mountain ridge down the middle that helps define these areas.  The rain clouds come in from the east coast and get stuck on the mountains, making the east coast very wet and the west coast very dry.  Now that we know what to look for it was easier to the see the transition. 

It was a relatively fast trip and only took 3 hours to get to the airport.  We were actually too early to check in, so we need to wait for awhile before we could receive our boarding passes and proceed through security.   The flight was uneventful except that we were in business class which meant that we had a curtain between us and everyone else, otherwise it was the same.  I think we ended up in business class because they booked the ticket late.  I hope they didn’t pay too much for it.

In Tana we were picked up by our guide, Nicolas, and driver, Alexander.  They drove us to our hotel.  The streets of Tana feel less overwhelming, maybe I’m just getting use to Madagascar.  We had lunch by the pool in our hotel and then we headed out to the palace.  It was about a 45 minute drive mostly on a VERY narrow  road, elevated above the rice paddies and then up one of the 12 hills of Tana. The palace is a UNESCO world heritage site.

The palace was first built by King Andrianampoinimerina who unified the country and ruled from 1787 to 1810. It is a fortified and orginially surrounded by a moat. His palace was a one room house with a kitchen and a bed. We had to enter with our right foot first and exit backwards, facing in towards the house, with our left foot first. Also on the complex is the summer palace of Queen Ranavalona who I think was the great daughter-in-law of King Andrianampoinimerina. Queen Ranavalona ruled for 15 years until her son was old enough to assume the throne. The queen’s palace was a little bigger consisting of a salon, dining room, and a bedroom.

Interestingly, Madagascar never has a concurrent king and queen. They had either a king or a queen, but their spouses never assumed a royal title.

Several kings and queens are buried at the palace, so people still come to pray for their help and and sacrifes animals in their honor.

After the palace we could have gone somewhere that had good views of Tana, however it was starting to rain, there was a lot of pollution from fires as people were getting ready for planting season and we were really tired from getting up so early. We deecided to go back to the hotel and call it a day. After a nap we had dinner. I realized I couldn’t find my phone and worried that I had lost it. I didn’t get a very good nights sleep.

We were up quite early.  Coffee was delivered at 4:30am and we left the camp at 5am.  The camp manager was in the peace core here in Madagascar and one of his fellow peace core volunteers is visiting him.  Her name is Leah and she joined us on our early morning drive.  The sun was just starting to rise when we left camp.   We drove to the spiny forest that we had visited the previous night so we knew where most of the lemurs were.  We saw sifaka lemurs waking up.  They sit in a sort of meditation pose towards the sun to warm up and dry off any condensation from the night before.  Once warm they start eating.

We also saw a numbers of birds including a local parrot and some local vangas.  We saw a lot of very interesting Sakalava weavers. In this species the male builds a nest and even decorates it with green branches.  Then he courts the females.  He starts by quivering to get her attention.  Once she expresses an interest he takes her to see the nest he has built.  If she likes the nest everything is good, but if she decides to reject him she knocks the nest out of the tree and he has to start all over again. 

At the end of our walk we saw two nocturnal sportive lemurs, resting in the crook of a tree.

We returned to camp to have breakfast and then went out to the market which is held every Thursday.  On our early morning drive we saw lots of people (many more than normal) walking, riding in a zebu pulled carts, and riding bicycles, all to get to the market.  Of course the market is an opportunity to buy things, but it seems it’s most important role is to give the locals a place to connect.  It was quite large and they had everything from clothes (some new and some used), pharmacueticals (including prescription antibiotics), to fruits and vegetables, wagon wheels and prepared foods.  There was also a section for live stock, zebu, goats and chickens. Ther was moonshine where the men went after they sold most of their livestock. 

We didn’t see a lot of people buying things, but there were a lot of people visiting with each other.  This is also marrying age adolescentes look for partners. Both the girls and boys dress up in brightly colored clothes. Also the boys put a comb in their hair and the girls were their hair in a bun or flaunt a colorful formal-looking hat. We joked with Ernest that we were going to buy him a weapon and a zebu so he could attract a wife.  It was VERY hot so after one circuit around the market we were ready to go back to camp.  Back at camp we napped and relaxed before and after lunch.

Later that day we left the camp at 5:15 and went to the avenue of baobabs.  There we met the other camp guests and had sundowners and watched the sunset.  After the sunset they demonstrated how to start a fire by rubbing the sticks of the octopus tree together.  Once they had a nice bonfire going, some locals came and performed traditional dances while singing.

We returned to camp, had dinner, and went to bed.

This morning we went to a local village of the Tandroy people. They consult with a shaman to determine where to build their village and once decided the head of the clan builds his house, the largest in the village, on the northeast side.  There is one door that he enters through and another on the opposite side of the house that everyone else, women, children, and guests enter through.  The husband, wife and their small children live in the house. If there is a second wife she may live in the same house (especially if she is the first wife’s sister), in another house in the village, or in another village.  Ernest told us about one very rich man who has 12 wives and their houses are set up like a clock with his house at the center.  When the head of the clan dies the house does not get passed on to his family, instead it’s burned.

As the children grow they are moved to smaller houses in the vicity of his/her parents.  Other houses on high stilts are used to store food and more ramshackle closed shed-like structures are used for cooking.  We think about 50-75 people live in the clan. I looked into one of the houses and it consisted of a bed and a few items stored under the bed.  None of the houses have windows. 

For the most part everyone looked pretty healthy, with the exception of one boy whose eye was swollen shut.  They said he was going to get medicine in the market.

As we exited the car we were surrounded by kids, mostly girls who wanted us to take their picture.  Then they wanted to see their picture.  They tried to interact with us, asking us our names and our ages.  We felt like the pied piper because where ever we went we had a trail of kids.  Generally the kids looked happy but I don’t think I saw one child that didn’t have holes in his or her clothes.  It is also very dry and dusty, so most of the kid’s clothes were fairly dirty.  (That may be the result of water constraints.)

The village did not have electricity, although we saw a few small (12 inch sq.) solar panels. There’s no running water, nor are there bathroom facilities in the village.  They just use the nearest river for water (often quite a distance away, deoendent upon time of year) and the edge of the village for other business.  The government is trying to convince the villagers to manage the sanitation better, but tradition is strong and resistance is significant. 

They had a little stall where they were selling coffee and cake to people walking along the road.  A woman was grinding the coffee.  Perhaps pulverizing is a better word than grinding as a stick and a partially hollowed out log were the tools of choice. Another woman who worked with an NGO that was teaching the village how to increase the yield of their crops was having a cup of coffee while we looked on. 

We walked down the road to the school which consisted of three classrooms, built by Madagascar Classic, the tour company that owns our camp and organized the Madagascar portion of our trip.  We went into one classroom that housed the first grade.  There were about 60 kids in this small room.  They had addition and subtraction problems written on the board.  They counted for us in French and sang a song.  Also on the school grounds was a covered shelter where the kids were getting lunch.  The food was paid for by the World Heath Organization.  As in many places, the school incentivizes parents to send their kids to school by giving the children food. 

While we were at the school, our tracker had organized a visit to the local shaman.  We entered a building that served as his “office” (it was not his home).  As we entered he was speaking to the spirits.  He showed us some of the tools he used to help people.  We asked about shamanism versus the church.  He does not go to church, but people who go to church still seek out his help.  We asked to take his picture and he donned his shaman outfit for us to take these: 

After visiting with the shaman we returned to camp.  We typically don’t have activities in the middle of the day due to the heat, so we relaxed and wrote the blog in our tent.  Ernest gave Rick a digital copy of a book called Lord and Lemurs which is about Madagascar so Rick spent the afternoon devouring that. As I mentioned our tent overlooks the river and we continuously hear the kids playing in it. It sounds like they’re having a great time.

We left the camp at 4:45 to go to another spiny forest. On the way we stopped at a baobab tree that had been carved out.  The landowners dug a canal to channel the water in a large puddle at the base of the baobab.  Then they transfer it into the baobab by hauling buckets up to the trap door in the trunk of the baobab.  The water resides there until they need it.  It does not hurt the baobab to be a water cistern and eventually the tree will heal itself and the cavity will be filled by the tree.  Then the land owners will dig another cavity.  We saw a number of trees with the trap door. 

At this forest we saw a few ring-tailed lemurs and a lot of sifaka finding places high in the trees to spend the night.  The sifaka were jumping from tree to tree and jumping or dancing along the ground.  

As the sun set we put on our head lamps and started looking for the nocturnal sportive and mouse lemurs.  Ernest and our tracker waved their flashlight through the trees trying to find the reflection of their eyes.  They found a number of sportive lemurs but the mouse lemur, which only weights about 70 grams, was elusive.  Just as we were about to returne to the car Ernest found a mouse lemur.  It was too dark to take a picture so you will have to trust us on this one.

We got back to the camp, had a predinner drink and then were whisked off to a private bush dinner.  A table was set for two in an isolated outdoor area. 

We had a waiter named Numa attending to us.  His English is very good and he was telling us about himself over dinner.  He is 31 years old, married, and has three sons, 12 years old, 6 years old, and 2 months old.  His parents tried to arrange a marriage for him to his cousin but he said no.  He met his current wife in the marketplace and told his parents he wanted to marry her.  His parents then met with her parents and told them their son want to marry their daughter.  Her parents told his parents to come back in a week during which time they discussed it with the girl.  His parents came back and were told that yes, she wanted to marry him and they agreed on a bride price.  A shaman was consulted to determine an auspicious day for the wedding and the rest is history.  The camp must think very highly of him because he is being trained to be a guide.  We really enjoyed talking to him. 

Another early evening because we are leaving camp at 5am to see the lemurs waking up. 

Some random things:

One of Madagascar’s big problems is population growth.  The population is expected to double in the next 30 years.  One of the blessings people say when people get married is may you have seven sons and seven  daughters (seven is a lucky number).  Ernest, our guide, is one of six kids, but his father is one of thirteen.  Child mortality is down, which is good, but it’s further driving the population explosion.  If this trend continues it will further exascerbate the impact on resources that are already strained — water, food, materials. The government is trying to convince people to use birth control with limited success. Another fatality in the struggle between tradition and facts. 

The habitat for the lemurs and other indigenous animals is dwindling as more and more forested land is being lost to crops and building materials. 98% of lemurs are on the endangered species list. 30% of those are on the critically endangered list. A significant percentage of Madagascar’s revenue comes as a result of tourism. Not surprisingly, lemurs are a huge part of the draw. Tourism will suffer as the lemur population goes down.

The women of the village gather water, do the cooking and manage the gardening.  If a man were to do any of these jobs, he would look weak and be ridiculed by his peers and the other villagers. 

We often see women walking along the road carrying things on their head.  They seem to be able to do this effortlessly. 

Some women also use cosmetic face masks for a better complexion and protection from the sun.

Happy Birthday Josh, I can’t believe you are 16 already! 🥳🎂🎁🎉

We started our day with coffee delivery to our tent at 6:15. Of course Rick was already up.  We had breakfast at 6:45. After breakfast we talked to Riker because he thought we were staying until Oct 28 and our plane tickets said we were leaving on Oct 27.   We preferred to stay until Oct 28 so we asked him to straighten it out.  We also asked him to check on Rick’s suitcase. 

We left the camp at 7:30 for a walk through the gallery forest.  The gallery forest is defined as one where the canopy of the trees limits the light that reaches the forest floor.  We got to the river and crossed it in kayaks.  The river isn’t deep since it was dry until yesterday, so the men from the camp just walked us across the water.  On the other side we saw kids herding zebu and people making moonshine from sugar cane to sell in the market.  Here are some pictures

Before going into the sacred forest (it is sacred because at sometime they buried their dead there) to find lemurs we were told there were three Ps, no pointing, no picking things from the ground, and no peeing.  We shouldn’t point with our fingers, instead we point with our whole hand, palm open, or with our index finger curled up.  This is because the spirits of the people buried there may be near by and we might be sticking our finger in their face.  The second and third rule are pretty self explanatory. 

This was family’s private land and so a family member was there to accompany us and make sure we followed the rules.  We also had a tracker with us to find lemurs by listening for their calls. There are a lot of tamarind trees in the gallery forest and the forest floor was covered with leaves.  It’s the end of the dry season when the trees have dropped their leaves to conserve water.  We walked a bit and came upon our first troupe of ring-tailed lemurs in the trees.  They didn’t even notice us. 

Ernest told us that a troupe of lemurs typically consists of 8 to 16 individuals.  It is a matriarchal hierarchical society.  Babies are born in September.  The nurse from their mother for 3 months during which time the mother carries them.  When they are first born they cling to her belly, after a month they move to her side and after another month they move to her back.  After three months they start to become more independent and are totally independent at 6 months.  They are born in September so that they are mature enough to survive the rainy season which runs from  December through March.  We saw several lemurs with babies.  The predators of the lemurs are civets (wild cats), raptors, and boa constrictors. 

The lemurs start their day feeding high in the trees.  During the heat of the day they come down to the forest floor where it is cooler.  They eat fruit and leaves.  They use their ringed tails to lead the troupe and also wrap it around themselves to keep warm. 

Lemurs mature in about two years.  At this point the male “teenagers” are forced out of the troupe and must integrate with another troupe.  There is a male hierarchy and the males must fight their way into the troupe and work their way up the ladder.  The males have scent glands on their wrist and on their shoulders.  They use these to mark their territories and to have stink fights for dominance in the male hierarchy.  Apparently they get the scent on their tail and whip their tail at the opponent to cover him in ‘stink’.  I don’t understand this behavior and we didn’t see it although we did see them marking the trees with their scent.

We moved on and saw some sifaka lemurs.  They are the white ones that are also called dancing lemurs because they move across the ground by jumping diagonally.  They can live peacefully in the same territory with the ring­­-tailed lemur because they do not compete for same food.  We didn’t see any sifaka with babies.  Their typical troupe size is a little smaller, more like 4-6 individuals. One reason they are white it because it is cooler for them in this hot region.

In terms of bugs we saw a millipede crawling on the ground.  Centipedes are different as they can sting, but the millipedes’ defense is to curl into a ball and excrete a fluid/gas that repels the predator. People and animals have discovered that the fluid/gas repels mosquitos and other insects, so they spread it on their body.  We also saw madagacar hissing cockroaches, living in the bark of the tree.  They can be used to treat tetanus and we heard them hissing.

After our walk we crossed the river in the kayaks, returned to our car, and drove back to camp.  Riker met us back at camp and told us that our travel arrangements had been resolved and that we were staying until Oct 28.  We have a 9:30am flight back to Tana, which means we have to leave the camp at 4am. Ugh! Private charters from the local airstrip are available but we learned that would cost us $8,000 because there is a shortage of fuel in the country.  No thank you!

We had lunch and then relaxed and blogged for the afternoon.  Rick’s suitcase finally arrived! Yippeee!

Our next activity, a visit to a sacred spiny forest, was at 4:30.  A spiny forest is one in which the canopy does not cover the forest.  Spiny forests are much drier than gallery forests. Here in Madagascar they are dominated by octopus trees.  We drove to a large village of 3,000 people (none of the locals have cars so we get a lot of attention when we drive through the village or town), parked and then walked down to the water.  Kids were gathered around interacting with us, saying helo, what’s your name, etc. Ernest was facilitating the communication.  At the water we got into kayaks and were dragged across the river.  There were lots of people bathing in the river and generally having fun.  There’s not much modesty here, people just seem to strip down and bathe. 

On the other side we entered the sacred spiny forest.  It is sacred because people are buried here so no pointing, picking, or peeing applies.  Right where we entered the forest there was the tomb of a head of a clan who died in 1967.  After he died they embalmed his body with sap and sealed it inside a piece of tree trunk.  It was kept there until his family organized the funeral.  The shaman is consulted to determine an auspicious day for the funeral.  Then he is buried in the northeast corner of the tomb.  Family from outside the village come with gifts, often a goat or a chicken.  The man’s zebu are scarified and there is a feast with music and dancing.  The man’s family can’t eat the meat of the sacrificed zebu, it’s reserved for only the guests.  Then the zebu skulls are placed around the inside edge of the tomb so everyone can judgenhis success by the number of horns.  His wives and children are also buried in the tomb upon their passing.  I’m a little confused on where the man’s spirit goes.  It may go to heaven which is located between earth and god or it may roam the forest.  We saw three additional tombs as we walked.  

The spiny forest is filled with octopus trees which are tall spindly, cactus like plants covered with thorns and tiny leaves.  The lemurs like to eat the leaves of these trees.  We saw a couple of sifaka lemurs, one with a baby, along with a nocturnal sportive lemur, hiding in the crook of an octopus tree. 

We also saw our first baobab tree. Baobab trees don’t have hard wood inside its trunk, rather it is spongy and people have cut it to get the spongy material out and drink the water it contains.

It was getting dark so we left the spiny forest and used the kayaks to get back across the river.  Earlier in the year the locals had planted sweet potatoes in the dry riverbed. Now that the water is coming up they are digging up the yield and replanting the stems in gardens located elsewhere..

The camp had set up a “sand bar” where we sat and had sundowners.  We watched the sunset with our drinks and snacks. 

There was a thunderhead cloud on the other side of the river.  Rick got a good picture of lighting.. 

We returned to the camp for dinner.  Some new guests had arrived so we had dinner with them.  We came back to the tent and went right to bed.  Sleeping here is easy.

This morning we were up early and had breakfast at the hotel.  Unfortunately one of our southern Californian friends was up all night with gastrointestinal problems.  They are on a private tour too.  It was just a travel day for them so they were able to delay their departure by a couple of hours until she felt better.  We left the hotel at 9 and the traffic to the airport was much heavier today than yesterday.  There were a lot of people out.  The streets were lined with lots of little stalls selling cooked of and sundries.  We shared the road with people walking, many carrying things balanced on their head, small vans which were private bus routes, people pulling heavy carts, and trucks.  The number of people along with the traffic was a bit overwhelming.  Everything looked very third world.  We didn’t see anyone begging but I think that is because everyone is poor. 

We passed the American Embassy which was quite a large compound.

We arrived at the domestic airport and got checked in.  I asked what gate we would be going out of and was told there was only one gate, in the domestic airport in the capital of the country! I guess that says it all. 

We had a 2 hour wait for our flight but eventually we boarded. 

During our ride to the airport, Nicholas told us that they use charcoal as their cooking fuel.  Because many of the farmers were having trouble making ends meet, they started making charcoal and selling it in the city. Cutting down trees causes the soil to erode, making farming more difficult.  We saw evidence of this from the plane windows.  There were few trees and the rivers were very muddy.

We arrived in Fort Dauphin (the French name) or Taolagnaro (the Malagasy name) at 2pm.  Not surprisingly this airport is even smaller than the one in Tana.  We were met at the airport by our guide Ernest along with our driver. 

Unfortunately, Rick’s suitcase did not make the flight.  It was a smaller plane (about 80 passengers) and it was full.  So they left several suitcases behind because the plane would have been overweight with all the bags.  Hopefully the bag will be on the flight tomorrow.  Ernest helped us file a claim for the suitcase.  I think that’s just how things are done here.  Luckily we are good at rolling with things like this. 

We didn’t leave the airport until 3pm. The trip to the camp is 128 km and will take 3½ hours because the road is terrible.  The road was originally built in 1962 and hasn’t been maintained since.  In the last election the President said he was going to rebuilt the road.  His reelection is coming up so his government trying to keep its promise and some of the potholes closest to Taolagnaro have been filled.  Int he pst years the ride took a minimum of 4 hours, so I guess he’s making progress. There are sections of the road where about only 20% of the original paving remained.  The car sized potholes made for very slow going.  Here are some pictures from the ride.

Ernest talked to us about Madagascar most of the way. 

Here’s some of what he told us.  There were no indigenous people in Madagascar.  People started coming to Madagascar in waves about 2,000 years ago.  They came from Indonesia, Africa, and the Middle East.  Having said that, there have been artifacts found here that were dated to be 4,000 years old.  They have analyzed the current language, music, and dancing to determine where the immigrants came from.  The are 18 tribes in the Madagascar.

Most of the Malagasy population is Christian but at least here in the south it is combined with a heavy dose of animism.  The tribe here in the south, called the Tandroy, measures wealth by the number of Zebu, cattle with a hump on the shoulder, a man owns.  Zebu are essentially a man’s bank account. 

When times are good and he has a little extra money he buys a zebu.  When times are bad and he needs money he sells a zebu.  The price of zebu changes depending on the time of the year.  Right after the harvest the price of zebu is high because no one is selling zebu.  Their food stocks are high so they don’t need money to buy food.  Right before harvest when he doesn’t have food to feed his family and he needs to sell a zebu to buy food, the price is low because everyone is trying to sell their zebu to buy food.  They rarely slaughter any of their livestock for food.  Their diet is mostly vegetarian. 

There is prickly pear everywhere.  It was introduced by the French and it used as fencing for livestock.  It is also cut up, roasted over an open fire and fed to the zebu. 

We passed through many small villages and then one that was noticeably bigger.  The bigger town is the result of a very large agave plantation.  The camp is just on the edge of the Mandrare river and the agave plantation.  The agave leaves contain fiber called sisal which is used to make carpet, baskets, and rope.  The agave plant lives for about 9 years and starts producing the sisal when it is about 4 years old.  The workers cut the outside leaves off the plant.  The leaves are pressed and the resulting sisal is dried in the sun.  It is then shipped off to plants to make the end products.  The workers typically have to cut 2,000-3,000 leaves per day and can get their family to help with the cutting.  They do the work very early to avoid the heat of the day.  We saw piles of leaves waiting to be picked up.  It is very hard work because the leaves are prickly and the workers don’t have gloves.  In the past tourists coud visit the processing plant to see the pressing process but the tourists complained about the working conditions, so rather than improve the working conditions, they stopped letting the tourists in.  Ugh! Worldwide demand for sisal is increasing because it’s renewable. 

Some people have cell phones (few people have smart phones) and they are used to check on family.  This can be a huge time savings because no one has cars and there is no bus system, so they must take the time to walk to see family and then walk back home.  A Chinese company has been giving out phones and solar panels to charge the phones. 

On the way to Mandrare River Camp we also learned some other interesting things about the Tandroy culture.  In the Tandory family a young son is responsible for the zebu herd. Each year the son manages the herd he receives a zebu from his father as his salary.  This way when he reaches marrying age, 16 to 18, he already has a herd to support his new family.  Men who can afford it (many zebus required) practice polygamy.  I

Marriages are often arranged and the groom must give the bride’s father a zebu as a dowry.  If he takes another wife he must give his first wife’s family another zebu as well as giving one to the second wife’s family.  Each time he takes another wife the process continues.  Women can own land but not zebu.  The kids take care of the older generation and widows and widowers. 

The men carry a weapon to show they’re REAL men.  It’s not that they need to protect themselves, it’s just a tradition.  We often saw men walking down the road with an axe, or a dagger, or a stick.  Almost anything solid fulfils the requirement.

Often the children don’t go to school because the parents don’feel an education will really benefit them.  Many feel living a “traditional” life is the way to go. The typical village school is just a primary school. To go further the child would have to go to larger town to go to secondary school and then to a city for university.  Many secondary schhols are miles away from the village, making a daily commute somewhat unreasonable, raising the sprecter that the parents would need to pay for room and board to make this prospect work. The additiona, unafordable, expense and the slim chance that everything will work out well for the child, landing a good paying job, make this option relatively unattractive for most. 

The parents utimately feel it is better for the boys to grow their zebu herd so they have a good start when they get married.  While the boys are tending the herd, the girls are at home learning how to keep house. It all works and education doesn’t play much of a role in the peoples’ lives.  Having said that we have seen kids playing in the school yard, so some parents do see the value of a basic education. It is very clear that parents try to give sons a good start before they marry by giving them zebu as payment for herding their zebu, but once they are married they need to prove themselves and create their own successes, albeit without an education.    

We finally arrived at the camp around 6:00 pm.  We were greeted with a welcome drink and wet towels to freshen up.  The camp manager (who is from Manchester by the Sea in Massachusetts) met us and showed us to our tent.  The tent overlooks the Mandrare River which was dry until rain from the previous night started to collect and fill the river.  Here are some pictures of our tent and the camp.

At 7:00 we went to the dining tent for a drink and met the other people in the camp.  The camp is very small, only 7 tents.  There were just two other couples staying here at the moment who were traveling together.  They are from San Francisco and seem very nice.  Over drinks the camp manager, Riker, was telling us about himself.  He was in the peace corps in Madagascar.  He also has worked in Mexico on agave farms. He is working at this camp because he wants to take the waste agave from the sisal manufacturing process and convert is into foodstuffs for the zebu.  He also wants to take the remains of the agave plant and make tequila.  He can’t call it tequila because it’s not made in Mexico so it will be an “agave spirit.” He has permission to build a still in the camp.  He plans to stay in Madagascar to build a business to generate revenue to support the local population. 

That evening we had zebu for dinner and it was pretty good.  After dinner we returned to our tent and fell asleep quickly to the sounds of the forest.